Background Information on
Mizoram
Mizoram
literally means 'land of the hill people'. 'Mizo' means people living in the highland, and 'ram' means land, and thus means 'land of Mizos'. Mizoram is a landlocked state, bordered by Bangladesh to the west and Burma to the east. It also borders Tripura, Assam, and Manipur to the north. Like other North Eastern States, Mizoram was a part of Assam called the Mizo District. It became a Union Territory in 1972, carved out of Assam. Mizoram then became a full-fledged State on 20th February 1987
with the 53rd Constitutional Amendment of 1986[1].
Mizoram has a predominantly tribal population, and people practice Christianity, with a small percentage adhering to other religions. Mizoram is the focus of my
report because of its unique cultural identity, natural beauty, and relatively
lesser representation in mainstream discussions compared to other Indian
states. Additionally, exploring Mizoram offers a deeper understanding of India's diversity, particularly the socio-political and environmental aspects of
a region often overlooked in national discourse. Mizoram (“Land of the Mizos”)
was known as the Lushai Hills District of Assam before it was renamed
the Mizo Hills District in 1954. In 1972, it became a centrally administered union territory named Mizoram, and in 1987, it achieved statehood. Area 8,139 square miles (21,081 square km).
Demography
The
demographic profile of Mizoram from 1981 to 2011 shows significant changes in
population distribution, urbanization, and administrative structures. The
number of districts in the state increased from 3 in 1991 to 8 by 2001, while
sub-districts grew from 20 to 29 during the same period, reflecting
administrative expansion and restructuring. The number of towns remained
relatively stable, with a slight decrease from 23 in 1981 to 22 in 1991, but by
2011, there were 23 towns, with an increasing number recognized as statutory
towns. Population density increased steadily from 23.42 persons per sq. km in
1981 to 52.05 in 2011, with urban population density rising sharply from 381.86
to 974.06 persons per sq. km, indicating a significant shift toward urban living.
The urbanization rate also grew from 24.67% in 1981 to 52.11% in 2011,
highlighting a trend of migration from rural to urban areas. The number of
villages increased slightly from 785 to 830, but the proportion of smaller
villages with populations under 500 decreased, while larger villages with
populations over 1,000 grew significantly. Geographically, while the total area
of Mizoram remained constant at 21,081 sq. km, urban areas expanded from 319
sq. km in 1981 to 587 sq. km in 2011, at the expense of rural areas. Overall,
the data reflects a steady urbanization process, with significant growth in
population density, changes in administrative boundaries, and a shift toward
larger, more urbanized settlements. The total geographical area of Mizoram has
remained constant at 21,081 sq. km across all periods, with the proportion of
urban area growing from 319 sq. km in 1981 to 587 sq. km in 2011. This
indicates an expansion of urbanization, but it still constitutes a small
portion of the state's total area.
Agricultural Performance
Between
2020 and 2024, agricultural production showed notable fluctuations, with total
output peaking in 2021 at 46.8 million tonnes before stabilizing around 39
million tonnes in subsequent years. Foodgrain and cereal production followed a
similar trend, suggesting 2021 was a particularly productive year across
multiple crop categories. Rice production remained relatively stable
throughout, hovering around 34–36 million tonnes.
Figure1
shows that Rice is the dominant cereal and highly tracked across production,
area, and yield. Pulses production is stable but relatively small and sometimes
inconsistently reported. 2021 was a peak production year, possibly due to
favourable weather or policy changes. Yield data (3rd block) suggests stable
productivity post-2021.
Production
is Peaked in 2021, then declined or stabilized. Area has so peaked in 2021,
then fell—possibly due to crop switching or climate impacts. Yield generally
improved over the years, especially in cereals and rice, indicating better
productivity despite shrinking cultivated area. Pulses and arhar shows Low
production and area; mostly absent in 2023 and 2024. Either not grown or poorly
recorded. Overall, the data suggests a move toward more efficient farming
practices, with better yields compensating for reduced cultivation area,
although pulse crops continue to lag in both production and focus.
Table 1: Key Agricultural Statistics of Mizoram
|
Year |
Agricultural products |
Foodgrain |
Cereals |
Rice |
Pulses |
Arhar |
Other pulses |
|
2020 |
38.3 |
38.3 |
36 |
36 |
2.3 |
0.2 |
2.1 |
|
2021 |
46.8 |
43.5 |
41.3 |
35.7 |
2.2 |
0.2 |
1.9 |
|
2022 |
39.2 |
37.2 |
35 |
35 |
2.2 |
0.3 |
1.8 |
|
2023 |
39 |
37 |
34.9 |
34.9 |
2.1 |
0.3 |
1.8 |
|
2024 |
39 |
37 |
35 |
35 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
|
2020 |
38.8 |
34 |
34 |
34 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
2021 |
40.1 |
37 |
37 |
37 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
2022 |
40.2 |
36.3 |
34.4 |
34.4 |
1.9 |
0.3 |
1.6 |
|
2023 |
39.1 |
35.2 |
35.2 |
35.2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
2024 |
38.3 |
34.4 |
34.4 |
34.4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
2020 |
101.31 |
88.77 |
94.44 |
94.44 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
2021 |
85.68 |
85.06 |
89.59 |
103.64 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
2022 |
102.55 |
97.58 |
98.29 |
98.29 |
86.36 |
100 |
88.89 |
|
2023 |
100.26 |
95.14 |
100.86 |
100.86 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
2024 |
98.21 |
92.97 |
98.29 |
98.29 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Source:
CMIE States of India extracted on April 2025
Industrial Performance
Figure
2 shows from 2019–20 to 2022–23 reflects a relatively stable industrial
landscape, with total operational units ranging between 206 and 215 over the
four years. Key sectors such as the manufacture of food products, wearing
apparel, and non-metallic mineral products have remained consistently active,
suggesting they are core components of the local industry.
The
wearing apparel sector, in particular, showed a slight increase and then
maintained steady levels, indicating sustained demand. Meanwhile, the “Others”
category gradually increased, hinting at diversification or the emergence of
non-traditional manufacturing activities. On the other hand, sectors like
printing and reproduction of recorded media experienced a complete decline,
likely due to digital transformation.
Table
2: Sector Wise Number of Factories: All Industries
|
Year |
2019-20 |
2020-21 |
2021-22 |
2022-23 |
|
Total |
215 |
206 |
208 |
206 |
|
Crop and animal
Production |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Other mining and quarrying |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Manufacture of food products |
25 |
24 |
25 |
25 |
|
Manufacture of
beverages |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
|
Manufacture of
tobacco products |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Manufacture of
textiles |
31 |
29 |
29 |
27 |
|
Manufacture of
wearing apparel |
29 |
31 |
31 |
31 |
|
Manufacture of paper and paper products |
3 |
3 |
4 |
3 |
|
Printing and reproduction of recorded media |
3 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
|
Manufacture of
rubber and plastics products |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3 |
|
Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products |
38 |
36 |
36 |
36 |
|
Manufacture of basic metals |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Manufacture except machinery and equipment |
18 |
16 |
16 |
15 |
|
Manufacture of
furniture |
15 |
17 |
17 |
17 |
|
Others |
26 |
28 |
28 |
30 |
Source:
CMIE States of India extracted on April 2025
Overall,
this data indicates a stable yet gradually evolving industrial structure with
signs of both contraction in legacy sectors and growth in emerging areas. A
table industrial base with certain traditional sectors like food, textiles, and
apparel maintaining strong presence. There's a slight decline in some
conventional sectors, possibly offset by growth in miscellaneous or emerging
industries. The lack of diversification
in some key sectors (like basic metals or tobacco) may indicate sectoral gaps
or regulatory constraints.
Education
Table-2
shows that Total Educational Institutions Increased from 2,371 to 3,894
institutions. Growth of 64% over 11 years and suggest strong government and
community focus on expanding educational access. Junior Basic Schools (Primary
Level) Grew from 1,224 to 1,855. this is the foundation of the education
system, and the steady increase reflects an emphasis on improving early education.
And also represents efforts to bring universal primary education closer to
reality. Senior Basic Schools (Middle Level) rose from 734 to 1,383, nearly
doubling. Also indicates successful retention and transition of students from
primary to middle school. It also reflects investments in secondary-level
education infrastructure. Post Basic Schools (High Schools) grew moderately
from 383 to 543. Growth is slower compared to lower levels, which might reflect
challenges in scaling post-basic education equally across all regions. Higher
Secondary Schools from just 30 in 2000-01 to 113 in 2011-12, a 277% increase.
This is the fastest-growing category proportionally. Indicates a significant
push toward higher secondary and pre-university education, likely to improve
eligibility for higher education and skilled employment.
Table
3: Number of Educational Institutions
|
Year |
Total (Excluding Pre-primary schools) |
Junior basic schools |
Senior basic schools |
Post basic schools |
Higher secondary schools |
|
2000-01 |
2,371 |
1,224 |
734 |
383 |
30 |
|
2001-02 |
2,631 |
1,377 |
851 |
370 |
33 |
|
2002-03 |
2,489 |
1,253 |
848 |
339 |
49 |
|
2003-04 |
2,926 |
1,504 |
908 |
443 |
71 |
|
2004-05 |
2,932 |
1,481 |
939 |
445 |
67 |
|
2005-06 |
3,369 |
1,688 |
1,121 |
484 |
76 |
|
2006-07 |
3,362 |
1,700 |
1,081 |
501 |
80 |
|
2007-08 |
3,432 |
1,752 |
1,090 |
508 |
82 |
|
2008-09 |
3,624 |
1,783 |
1,253 |
502 |
86 |
|
2009-10 |
3,711 |
1,782 |
1,313 |
521 |
95 |
|
2010-11 |
3,810 |
1,821 |
1,353 |
538 |
98 |
|
2011-12 |
3,894 |
1,855 |
1,383 |
543 |
113 |
Source:
CMIE States of India extracted on April 2025
Employment
Scenario
Mizoram's
male Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) is high but declining slightly,
possibly due to migration, education continuation, or economic transitions.
Female LFPR, while historically low, is increasing, especially among
working-age women. Youth LFPR is dropping, particularly among males, possibly
due to more youths staying in education longer or facing job market challenges.
These trends suggest that gender gaps remain, but there are encouraging signs
of female empowerment in the labour force.
Table
4: Labour force participation rate According to NSSO surveys
|
Year |
Ages 15-29 |
Ages 15-59 |
Ages 15 and above |
All ages |
|||||
|
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Total |
Male |
Female |
|
|
2017-18 |
53.3 |
26.4 |
77.7 |
31.4 |
73.6 |
30 |
40 |
56.7 |
23.4 |
|
2018-19 |
41.8 |
21.9 |
73.2 |
30.9 |
68.7 |
29.2 |
39.5 |
55.3 |
23.5 |
|
2019-20 |
42.3 |
28.9 |
75.3 |
39.5 |
69.8 |
37 |
43.9 |
56.6 |
30.4 |
|
2020-21 |
40.1 |
25 |
74.6 |
42.9 |
70.3 |
41.7 |
45 |
55.8 |
33.3 |
|
2021-22 |
37.9 |
24.6 |
73.4 |
37.5 |
67.4 |
34.7 |
38.9 |
52.5 |
25.2 |
|
2022-23 |
31.1 |
25.2 |
73.7 |
49.5 |
67.2 |
45.1 |
41.7 |
50.6 |
32.7 |
|
2023-24 |
29 |
22.3 |
72.9 |
47.1 |
66.1 |
41.7 |
40.4 |
50.2 |
30.4 |
Source:
CMIE States of India extracted on April 2025
The
Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) in Mizoram from 2017-18 to 2023-24
reveals significant demographic and gender-based trends. Overall, the total
LFPR across all ages has remained relatively stable, fluctuating around 40–45%,
with a peak in 2020-21 at 45%. Male participation has consistently been higher
than female participation, though it shows a gradual decline over the
years—from 56.7% in 2017-18 to 50.2% in 2023-24. In contrast, female LFPR,
while historically low, has seen notable improvement, rising from 23.4% to
30.4% in the same period. Among the youth (ages 15–29), male LFPR has dropped
significantly (from 53.3% to 29%), suggesting increasing enrolment in education
or difficulty in finding employment, whereas female participation in this group
has remained low and relatively unchanged. In the prime working-age group
(15–59 years), male participation slightly decreased, while female
participation rose substantially from 31.4% to 47.1%, indicating increased
economic engagement by women. For the broader 15+ age group, similar trends
persist, with declining male and rising female participation. Overall, the data
reflects a narrowing gender gap in labor force involvement, likely influenced
by social, economic, and educational developments, even as youth employment
emerges as a concern.
State Domestic Product
The
Gross State Value Added (GSVA) and Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) data for
Mizoram from 2011-12 to 2023-24 (at current prices, with base year 2011-12)
highlights a steady and significant growth trajectory for the state's economy.
Over this 13-year period, GSVA has more than quadrupled, rising from ₹74,300.80
million in 2011-12 to ₹3,28,632.80 million in 2023-24. Similarly, the GSDP
increased from ₹72,586.90 million to ₹3,42,887.80 million, reflecting
consistent expansion across sectors and increasing economic activity within the
state.
Table
5:
Gross State Value Added (GSVA) and Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) at
Current Prices: Base Year 2011-12
|
Year |
GSVA at basic prices |
Taxes on products |
Subsidies on products |
GSDP |
Per capita GSDP |
|
Rs. million |
Rs. million |
Rs. million |
Rs. million |
Rupees |
|
|
2011-12 |
74,300.80 |
2,322.60 |
4,036.50 |
72,586.90 |
65,347.20 |
|
2012-13 |
85,131.50 |
2,743.40 |
4,255.60 |
83,619.30 |
73,708.20 |
|
2013-14 |
1,01,340.70 |
3,581.90 |
1,988.90 |
1,02,933.70 |
88,843.20 |
|
2014-15 |
1,33,439.00 |
3,656.00 |
2,001.00 |
1,35,094.00 |
1,15,366.40 |
|
2015-16 |
1,48,142.20 |
5,226.80 |
1,980.40 |
1,51,388.60 |
1,27,003.80 |
|
2016-17 |
1,66,888.00 |
6,418.40 |
1,387.30 |
1,71,919.10 |
1,41,613.70 |
|
2017-18 |
1,88,080.20 |
6,929.80 |
1,156.70 |
1,93,853.30 |
1,64,981.50 |
|
2018-19 |
2,10,597.30 |
9,867.80 |
1,344.30 |
2,19,120.80 |
1,84,756.20 |
|
2019-20 |
2,41,325.30 |
9,891.10 |
1,320.40 |
2,49,896.00 |
2,08,594.30 |
|
2020-21 |
2,33,017.10 |
10,088.70 |
3,876.30 |
2,39,229.40 |
1,97,710.30 |
|
2021-22 |
2,58,789.40 |
12,391.20 |
4,228.00 |
2,66,952.60 |
2,18,634.40 |
|
2022-23 |
2,95,756.90 |
16,046.10 |
4,797.40 |
3,07,005.70 |
2,48,990.80 |
|
2023-24 |
3,28,632.80 |
19,128.40 |
4,873.30 |
3,42,887.80 |
2,75,633.30 |
Source:
CMIE States of India extracted on April 2025
The
per capita GSDP, an important indicator of individual prosperity, has shown
strong growth as well — from ₹65,347.20 in 2011-12 to ₹2,75,633.30 in 2023-24 —
a more than fourfold increase. This implies that, on average, the income of
individuals in Mizoram has risen significantly, suggesting improving living
standards and economic well-being. The gap between GSVA and GSDP is influenced
by net taxes on products (taxes minus subsidies). Over time, tax revenues have
increased substantially, from ₹2,322.60 million in 2011-12 to ₹19,128.40
million in 2023-24, indicating a growing tax base and improved fiscal capacity
of the state. While subsidies have also risen somewhat, their growth has been
more modest and less consistent, showing a shift towards a more
revenue-oriented model of development.
Investments
The
investment data over the years, when interpreted in the context of Mizoram,
reveals a complex picture of long-term ambitions, intermittent progress, and
structural inefficiencies in the implementation of projects. There are clear
instances of major spikes in new investment project announcements, such as in
2013-14 (₹1,88,719.10 crore), 2017-18 (₹98,490.40 crore), and 2024-25
(₹1,39,650 crore), suggesting either centrally-funded mega infrastructure
projects, or broader development schemes being planned for the state. However,
these grand announcements have not always translated into timely completion of
projects. For example, project completions have remained significantly low or
stagnant in many years, with only a few exceptions like 2017-18 (₹15,244.10
crore completed) and 2023-24 (₹15,001.70 crore). The persistent accumulation of
outstanding projects—rising from around ₹45,566 crore in 2000-01 to over ₹5
lakh crore by 2024-25—indicates a severe implementation gap. A substantial
portion of these remain either "under implementation" or delayed due
to lack of updated information, suggesting bureaucratic delays, logistical
bottlenecks, and possibly insufficient institutional capacity within the state
to manage and execute large-scale investments efficiently. The consistent
increase in the "under implementation" category over time (peaking at
₹4.2 lakh crore in 2024-25) also points to chronic delays and backlogs.
Table
6: Investment by All Projects (in Rs. Crore)
|
Year |
New investment projects
announced |
Investment projects completed |
Investment projects outstanding |
Investment projects outstanding |
|
|
Total |
Under implementation |
||||
|
2000-01 |
5,226.00 |
45,566.50 |
21,366.50 |
||
|
2001-02 |
2,280.00 |
4,200.00 |
43,914.80 |
22,614.80 |
|
|
2002-03 |
7,918.10 |
51,832.90 |
23,914.80 |
||
|
2003-04 |
314.2 |
54,369.20 |
26,136.90 |
||
|
2004-05 |
54,369.20 |
21,783.90 |
|||
|
2005-06 |
1,080.00 |
53,289.20 |
21,783.90 |
||
|
2006-07 |
205.9 |
894 |
980 |
52,319.50 |
8,301.50 |
|
2007-08 |
700 |
12,588.40 |
41,523.50 |
7,601.50 |
|
|
2008-09 |
29,743.30 |
71,266.80 |
13,439.60 |
||
|
2009-10 |
80,736.40 |
1,53,153.10 |
13,439.60 |
||
|
2010-11 |
4,936.60 |
1,220.20 |
2,03,518.90 |
47,302.80 |
|
|
2011-12 |
1,698.70 |
715.2 |
1,60,446.00 |
66,704.60 |
|
|
2012-13 |
7,442.60 |
1,67,533.50 |
69,152.10 |
||
|
2013-14 |
1,88,719.10 |
52 |
1,460.30 |
3,52,246.30 |
60,111.80 |
|
2014-15 |
238.5 |
237.6 |
3,56,514.80 |
85,141.80 |
|
|
2015-16 |
1,700.00 |
200 |
5,494.30 |
3,57,201.30 |
73,753.40 |
|
2016-17 |
23,076.10 |
130 |
4,21,616.00 |
1,50,770.30 |
|
|
2017-18 |
98,490.40 |
15,244.10 |
27,518.10 |
5,01,176.00 |
2,18,922.90 |
|
2018-19 |
22,211.00 |
2,005.60 |
2,951.70 |
5,22,109.70 |
2,22,602.90 |
|
2019-20 |
13,865.70 |
10,000.00 |
5,31,009.90 |
2,31,187.10 |
|
|
2020-21 |
9,350.00 |
892 |
5,000.00 |
5,39,507.90 |
2,47,054.90 |
|
2021-22 |
25,872.30 |
4,062.50 |
4,01,967.10 |
2,46,755.60 |
|
|
2022-23 |
1,268.10 |
1,315.10 |
4,130.00 |
4,03,592.80 |
2,59,714.20 |
|
2023-24 |
381.9 |
15,001.70 |
27,632.70 |
4,09,722.70 |
2,86,944.20 |
|
2024-25 |
1,39,650.00 |
2,867.80 |
37,391.00 |
5,02,419.00 |
4,20,399.30 |
Source:
CMIE States of India extracted on April 2025
Overall,
Mizoram's investment environment appears to be characterized by ambitious
planning but slow execution, with massive capital commitments piling up over
decades but not resulting in proportionate developmental outcomes. Addressing
these structural inefficiencies through better governance, faster clearances,
improved infrastructure, and stronger institutional frameworks will be key to
realizing the full potential of these investments and transforming them into
real economic benefits for the state.
Price Level and Inflation
The
Consumer Price Index (CPI) data for Mizoram from 2011–12 to 2024–25, with 2012
as the base year, reflects a clear and steady rise in inflation across all
major consumption categories. The general index rose from 94.9 in 2011–12 to
190.2 in 2024–25, indicating that overall consumer prices have nearly doubled
over the period. Inflation has been more pronounced in rural areas, where the
index reached 206.2, compared to 180.0 in urban areas, suggesting that rural
households have faced greater cost pressures.
The
food and beverages category, a significant component of household spending, saw
its index rise from 93.8 to 199.1, with rural inflation slightly higher than
urban, pointing to increasing food costs in less urbanized areas. Prices for
pan, tobacco, and intoxicants rose even more sharply, with the index jumping
from 88 to 225.1, again with rural areas experiencing higher inflation. Fuel
and light witnessed some of the steepest price increases, particularly in urban
areas, where the index reached 234.2 in 2024–25. These trends highlight a
broad-based inflationary environment in Mizoram, with essential commodities
like food and fuel driving up the cost of living, especially for rural
populations. The general index rose from 94.9 in 2011–12 to 190.2 in 2024–25,
indicating that overall prices have roughly doubled over this period.
Table 7: Consumer Price Index, Base Year: 2012
|
Year |
General Index |
Food & beverages |
Pan, tobacco & intoxicants |
Fuel & light |
||||||||
|
Total |
Urban |
Rural |
Total |
Urban |
Rural |
Total |
Urban |
Rural |
Total |
Urban |
Rural |
|
|
2011-12 |
94.9 |
93.9 |
96.5 |
93.8 |
92.6 |
95.3 |
88 |
91.3 |
84.4 |
95.8 |
94.5 |
97.4 |
|
2012-13 |
102.9 |
101.8 |
104.5 |
103.8 |
102.4 |
105.5 |
103 |
102.4 |
103.7 |
101.7 |
101.6 |
101.9 |
|
2013-14 |
112.9 |
110.1 |
117.4 |
117.6 |
113 |
123.2 |
118.6 |
116.3 |
121.2 |
106.1 |
106.2 |
105.9 |
|
2014-15 |
120.2 |
115.9 |
127.1 |
129.3 |
121.3 |
139 |
131.4 |
124.4 |
139.3 |
110.1 |
111.8 |
108.2 |
|
2015-16 |
125 |
121.1 |
131.1 |
133.4 |
126.6 |
141.8 |
130.4 |
133.7 |
126.6 |
120.7 |
117.2 |
124.7 |
|
2016-17 |
127.7 |
123.9 |
133.6 |
133.3 |
128.5 |
139.1 |
134.9 |
137.5 |
132 |
122.5 |
120.1 |
125.3 |
|
2017-18 |
130.2 |
126.5 |
135.8 |
135.5 |
131.1 |
141 |
136.6 |
139.2 |
133.6 |
127.8 |
125 |
131 |
|
2018-19 |
133.4 |
130.1 |
138.6 |
137.9 |
134.5 |
142.1 |
140.6 |
144.2 |
136.5 |
133.8 |
128.5 |
139.9 |
|
2021-22 |
163.3 |
161.4 |
166.3 |
170.7 |
174 |
166.6 |
187.4 |
198.1 |
175.3 |
191.6 |
209.4 |
171.3 |
|
2022-23 |
176.2 |
170.6 |
185 |
181.7 |
182.4 |
180.8 |
205.8 |
211.8 |
199 |
228.4 |
252.7 |
200.6 |
|
2023-24 |
184 |
173.6 |
200.3 |
190.9 |
186.2 |
196.7 |
215.8 |
214.7 |
217 |
226.5 |
246.6 |
203.4 |
|
2024-25 |
190.2 |
180 |
206.2 |
199.1 |
196.2 |
202.7 |
225.1 |
218.8 |
232.2 |
213.4 |
234.2 |
189.6 |
Source:
CMIE States of India extracted on April 2025
Rural
inflation has consistently outpaced urban inflation, with the rural index
rising to 206.2 compared to 180.0 in urban areas by 2024–25. This suggests that
price increases have been sharper in rural Mizoram, potentially due to supply
chain issues, transportation costs, or localized market dynamics. Food and
beverages shows saw a steep rise from 93.8 in 2011–12 to 199.1 in 2024–25,
almost 113% growth. While both urban and rural areas saw similar trends, rural
food inflation consistently stayed slightly higher, peaking at 202.7 in
2024–25. Given food's large weight in
rural consumption, this points to increasing cost-of-living pressure in those
areas. This category witnessed the highest inflation, rising from 95.8 in
2011–12 to 213.4 in 2024–25, peaking even higher in earlier years.
Banking
Sector
The
data on the number of banking offices by bank group in Mizoram from 2000–01 to
2023–24 reflects a steady and significant expansion of the state’s banking
infrastructure over the years. The total number of all scheduled commercial
banks increased from 79 in 2000–01 to 235 in 2023–24, nearly tripling over two
decades, indicating the state’s growing financial inclusion and economic
development. Among these, public sector banks have been the primary drivers of
this growth, with their offices rising from 26 to 81 over the same period.
Within public sector banks, both the State Bank of India (SBI) & its
associates and nationalised banks steadily increased their presence until data
for sub-categories was discontinued after 2016–17. By 2016–17, SBI and its
associates operated 45 branches, while nationalised banks had 38, reflecting a
strong footprint of major national banks in the state.
A
particularly notable trend is the consistent growth of Regional Rural Banks
(RRBs) — from 53 branches in 2000–01 to 107 in 2023–24.
Table 8: Number of Banking
Offices by Bank Group
|
Year |
All scheduled commercial banks |
Public sector banks |
State bank of India & its
associates |
Nationalised banks |
Regional rural banks |
|
2000-01 |
79 |
26 |
24 |
2 |
53 |
|
2001-02 |
80 |
27 |
25 |
2 |
53 |
|
2002-03 |
79 |
27 |
25 |
2 |
52 |
|
2003-04 |
79 |
27 |
25 |
2 |
52 |
|
2004-05 |
80 |
28 |
25 |
3 |
52 |
|
2005-06 |
80 |
28 |
25 |
3 |
52 |
|
2006-07 |
85 |
32 |
27 |
5 |
52 |
|
2007-08 |
90 |
30 |
22 |
8 |
59 |
|
2008-09 |
94 |
32 |
23 |
9 |
59 |
|
2009-10 |
98 |
34 |
25 |
9 |
59 |
|
2010-11 |
100 |
36 |
26 |
10 |
59 |
|
2011-12 |
111 |
43 |
30 |
13 |
60 |
|
2012-13 |
122 |
50 |
32 |
18 |
60 |
|
2013-14 |
141 |
62 |
36 |
26 |
66 |
|
2014-15 |
151 |
71 |
41 |
30 |
66 |
|
2015-16 |
167 |
71 |
39 |
32 |
79 |
|
2016-17 |
186 |
83 |
45 |
38 |
85 |
|
2017-18 |
191 |
84 |
86 |
||
|
2018-19 |
192 |
78 |
86 |
||
|
2019-20 |
203 |
78 |
88 |
||
|
2020-21 |
210 |
79 |
92 |
||
|
2021-22 |
220 |
79 |
102 |
||
|
2022-23 |
227 |
80 |
104 |
||
|
2023-24 |
235 |
81 |
107 |
Source:
CMIE States of India extracted on April 2025
This
reflects focused efforts to extend banking services into rural and remote areas
of Mizoram, supporting agriculture, small businesses, and rural
livelihoods. This expansion supports
broader financial inclusion goals and indicates enhanced access to credit,
savings, and other financial services for the people of the state, especially
in underserved areas.
State
Government Finance
The
public finance data of Mizoram from 2000–01 to 2023–24 reflects significant
growth in the state’s financial receipts, indicating an expanding economy and
increased fiscal activity. Total state government receipts rose from ₹11,312.90
crore in 2000–01 to ₹1,30,552.60 crore in 2023–24, showing more than a tenfold
increase over two decades. This growth has been driven primarily by rising
revenue receipts, which climbed from ₹8,282.20 crore to ₹1,14,140.50 crore
during the same period, reflecting improved tax collection, increased central
transfers, and stronger financial management.
Table
9: State Government Receipts (in Rs. Crore)
|
Year |
Total |
Total revenue |
Capital receipts |
|
2000-01 |
11,312.90 |
8,282.20 |
3,030.70 |
|
2001-02 |
12,778.50 |
8,678.00 |
4,100.50 |
|
2002-03 |
14,601.40 |
10,216.10 |
4,385.30 |
|
2003-04 |
19,536.70 |
13,709.50 |
5,827.20 |
|
2004-05 |
18,769.20 |
15,018.70 |
3,750.50 |
|
2005-06 |
21,804.70 |
16,536.50 |
5,268.20 |
|
2006-07 |
22,149.30 |
19,689.40 |
2,459.90 |
|
2007-08 |
27,916.40 |
20,397.40 |
7,519.00 |
|
2008-09 |
27,894.70 |
26,531.30 |
1,363.40 |
|
2009-10 |
30,205.80 |
29,635.10 |
570.7 |
|
2010-11 |
47,130.30 |
33,747.10 |
13,383.20 |
|
2011-12 |
49,471.00 |
40,118.10 |
9,352.90 |
|
2012-13 |
51,827.00 |
45,367.40 |
6,459.60 |
|
2013-14 |
59,212.70 |
47,648.50 |
11,564.20 |
|
2014-15 |
66,982.70 |
55,111.10 |
11,871.70 |
|
2015-16 |
67,765.40 |
66,764.00 |
1,001.50 |
|
2016-17 |
76,400.20 |
73,983.00 |
2,417.20 |
|
2017-18 |
94,152.00 |
85,801.90 |
8,350.00 |
|
2018-19 |
92,560.70 |
90,395.00 |
2,165.70 |
|
2019-20 |
1,14,522.80 |
96,582.60 |
17,940.20 |
|
2020-21 |
98,766.40 |
77,406.70 |
21,359.70 |
|
2021-22 |
98,331.90 |
91,597.40 |
6,734.50 |
|
2022-23 |
1,17,613.10 |
1,02,820.60 |
14,792.60 |
|
2023-24 |
1,30,552.60 |
1,14,140.50 |
16,377.30 |
Source:
CMIE States of India extracted on April 2025
Capital
receipts, which include borrowings and other non-revenue sources, also grew,
though more unevenly—from ₹3,030.70 crore in 2000–01 to ₹16,377.30 crore in
2023–24. Notably, capital receipts surged in years like 2010–11 and 2020–21,
likely due to increased borrowing needs during financial strain or crises such
as the COVID-19 pandemic. The trend from 2015–16 to 2018–19 showed relatively
lower capital dependency, suggesting improved fiscal health, but subsequent
years saw renewed increases in borrowing. Overall, Mizoram’s fiscal trajectory
highlights strong growth in revenue generation capacity alongside continued
reliance on capital inflows to support development and manage deficits. From
2000–01 to around 2014-15, revenue receipts and capital receipts grew steadily
and proportionally. Between 2015-16 and 2018-19, the state showed strong
revenue growth, with relatively lower reliance on capital receipts — a sign of
healthier fiscal consolidation.
Energy
Mizoram
initially relied heavily on diesel-based thermal power. Mid-2000s saw
investments in infrastructure, raising capacity. By the 2010s, there was a
shift away from thermal (diesel) — likely due to environmental, economic, and
policy factors. Recent increases in
installed capacity (2020s) suggest a renewable energy transition, possibly solar/hydro.
Table
10: Gross Installed Capacity of Power Plants (Excluding
Central Sector)
|
Year |
Gross installed capacity,
Electricity |
|||
|
Utilities |
Utilities |
Utilities |
Utilities |
|
|
Total |
Thermal |
Thermal |
Hydro |
|
|
Total |
Diesel |
|||
|
2000-01 |
37.2 |
28.9 |
28.9 |
8.3 |
|
2001-02 |
37.2 |
28.9 |
28.9 |
8.3 |
|
2002-03 |
37.2 |
28.9 |
28.9 |
8.3 |
|
2003-04 |
32.9 |
28.9 |
28.9 |
4 |
|
2004-05 |
56.1 |
51.9 |
51.9 |
4 |
|
2005-06 |
66.8 |
51.9 |
51.9 |
4.1 |
|
2006-07 |
69.3 |
51.9 |
51.9 |
4.1 |
|
2007-08 |
69.3 |
51.9 |
51.9 |
|
|
2008-09 |
69.3 |
51.9 |
51.9 |
|
|
2009-10 |
80.3 |
51.9 |
51.9 |
0 |
|
2011-12 |
88.3 |
|||
|
2012-13 |
88.3 |
51.9 |
51.9 |
0 |
|
2013-14 |
88.3 |
51.9 |
51.9 |
0 |
|
2014-15 |
88.3 |
51.9 |
51.9 |
0 |
|
2015-16 |
36.6 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
2016-17 |
41.6 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
2017-18 |
36.7 |
|||
|
2018-19 |
37 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
2019-20 |
38 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
2020-21 |
38 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
2021-22 |
44.4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
2022-23 |
73.5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Source:
CMIE States of India extracted on April 2025
The
energy data for Mizoram from 2000 to 2023 shows a clear transition in the
state’s power generation profile. In the early 2000s, Mizoram’s gross installed
capacity remained stable at around 37.2 MW, with the majority derived from
diesel-based thermal plants (28.9 MW) and a smaller share from hydroelectric
sources (8.3 MW). A significant expansion occurred around 2004–2010, with
installed capacity increasing to 80.3 MW, largely due to continued reliance on
diesel power, while hydro capacity gradually declined to zero by 2009–10. The
capacity peaked at 88.3 MW between 2011 and 2015, after which the state saw a
sharp drop in capacity to about 36–41 MW from 2015 to 2018, with no operational
thermal or hydro plants recorded during this period—indicating possible
decommissioning or disuse of older diesel units. From 2019 onward, Mizoram
began steadily increasing its installed capacity again, reaching 73.5 MW by
2022–23. Notably, this recent growth occurred without contributions from either
thermal or hydro sources, suggesting a strategic shift towards alternative
energy sources, most likely renewables such as solar.
Trade
Table
shows data for Mizoram over the years reflects a fragile and inconsistent
export profile, marked by occasional spikes rather than sustained growth. The
state has shown some potential in non-petroleum exports, particularly in
agricultural and allied products, as well as small-scale manufactured goods,
with notable peaks in 2017-18 and 2018-19. However, these gains are not
consistent across years, pointing to underlying structural challenges such as
limited infrastructure, poor connectivity, and a lack of large-scale industrial
activity. Exports of petroleum and crude products are minimal and sporadic,
which aligns with the fact that Mizoram does not have significant petroleum
resources or refining capacity. The sharp rise in total exports in certain years,
such as 2015-16 and 2021-22, likely stems from one-off projects or
government-supported initiatives rather than a robust trade ecosystem. Overall,
Mizoram’s trade conditions suggest an economy that is primarily agrarian and
reliant on central assistance, with significant potential for growth if supply
chains, infrastructure, and market access are improved.
Table
11: State Exports of Principal Commodities in Indian Rupees
(DGCI&S)
|
Year |
All commodities |
Petroleum & crude products |
Non-Petroleum products |
||||
|
Total |
Agricultural
& allied products |
Ores
& minerals |
Manufactured
goods |
Other
commodities |
|||
|
2013-14 |
5.6 |
5.6 |
2.4 |
3.2 |
0 |
||
|
2014-15 |
17.1 |
5.5 |
11.6 |
10.8 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
|
|
2015-16 |
90.4 |
90.4 |
1.4 |
89 |
|||
|
2016-17 |
1.9 |
1.9 |
1.9 |
||||
|
2017-18 |
69 |
5.9 |
63 |
42.3 |
11.9 |
4.8 |
4.1 |
|
2018-19 |
97.3 |
5.4 |
91.9 |
49.6 |
7.9 |
25.8 |
8.6 |
|
2019-20 |
13.9 |
2 |
11.8 |
7.6 |
0.1 |
4 |
0.2 |
|
2020-21 |
32.7 |
||||||
|
2021-22 |
285.3 |
||||||
|
2022-23 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
||||
|
2023-24 |
5.3 |
5.3 |
0.5 |
||||
Source:
CMIE States of India extracted on April 2025
There's
high volatility in export values across years. For example, the total export
value shot up dramatically in 2015-16 (₹90.4 crore) and 2021-22 (₹285.3 crore),
but dropped significantly in adjacent years. This inconsistency likely reflects
project-based or sporadic exports, not sustained industrial or trade growth.
These show low and inconsistent contributions, suggesting that Mizoram likely
imports more petroleum than it exports. The few entries (e.g., ₹5.9 crore in
2017-18) could reflect re-export or trade through central agencies rather than
state-level production. Mizoram lacks
large refineries or petroleum reserves, so this aligns with expectations. The
state has stronger exports in non-petroleum sectors, particularly in
Agricultural & allied products: High in 2017-18 (₹42.3 crore) and 2018-19
(₹49.6 crore), reflecting Mizoram’s agrarian base (e.g., ginger, turmeric,
fruits).
Corporate
Sector
The
corporate sector data for Mizoram from 2014–15 to 2024–25 highlights a
consistent and noteworthy growth in the number of companies registered with the
Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA). Starting with just 96 registered companies
in 2014–15, the number steadily increased each year, reaching 460 by 2024–25—an
almost fivefold rise over a decade. This upward trend reflects a growing
entrepreneurial environment and improved ease of doing business in the state.
The number of active companies has also seen a significant increase, from a
mere 2 in 2014–15 to 362 in 2024–25, indicating better business sustainability
and operational stability. Although the number of closed companies has also
risen—from 53 in 2014–15 to 96 in recent years—this is proportionate to the
overall growth in registrations and may suggest natural market churn or
business restructuring. The count of companies under the process of being
struck off has generally remained low, with a notable decline in recent years,
suggesting improved regulatory compliance and active status maintenance by
businesses. Overall, Mizoram's corporate sector shows a healthy and expanding
business environment with increasing formalization and participation in the
national corporate framework.
Table
12: Outstanding Number of Companies Registered with Ministry
of Corporate Affairs (MCA)
|
Year |
Registered |
Active |
Closed |
Under the process of struck off |
|
2014-15 |
96 |
2 |
53 |
7 |
|
2015-16 |
104 |
37 |
53 |
7 |
|
2016-17 |
116 |
46 |
54 |
9 |
|
2017-18 |
131 |
65 |
58 |
8 |
|
2018-19 |
153 |
84 |
62 |
7 |
|
2019-20 |
179 |
105 |
67 |
7 |
|
2020-21 |
197 |
128 |
67 |
2 |
|
2021-22 |
266 |
190 |
76 |
|
|
2022-23 |
312 |
218 |
94 |
|
|
2023-24 |
386 |
289 |
96 |
|
|
2024-25 |
460 |
362 |
96 |
1 |
Source:
CMIE States of India extracted on April 2025
The
number of active companies has also increased substantially, from just 2 in
2014–15 to 362 in 2024–25, highlighting a shift toward greater operational
stability and business sustainability. The rise in active companies suggests
that the business environment in Mizoram has become more conducive for
companies to start and continue their operations. On the other hand, the number
of closed companies has also risen over the years, from 53 in 2014–15 to 96 in
2024–25, though this is in line with the overall increase in registrations and
likely reflects market dynamics, including business closures, mergers, or
restructuring. The number of companies under the process of being struck off
has remained relatively low and fluctuated between 2 and 9 until 2024–25, where
only 1 company was under the process of being struck off. This decline in
struck-off companies suggests that businesses are increasingly complying with
regulatory requirements, maintaining active statuses, and reducing the number
of inactive or non-compliant entities.
Crime
The
data on complaints received and cognizable crimes registered by the police in
Mizoram from 2001 to 2021 shows notable trends in crime reporting, law
enforcement response, and crime rates in the state. In the early years, such as
2001, 3,471 complaints were received, with the majority being written
complaints (2,926) and the rest being suo -moto complaints initiated by the
police (545).
Table
13: Complaints Received and Cases Registered for Cognizable
Crimes by Police
|
Year |
Complaints received by
category |
Incidence of cognizable crime |
Total |
|||||
|
Total |
Written |
Suo-moto by police |
Total |
Indian penal code |
Special local laws |
Rank |
||
|
Numbers |
Numbers |
Numbers |
Numbers |
Numbers |
Numbers |
15 |
||
|
2001 |
3,471 |
2,926 |
545 |
3,379 |
2,246 |
1,133 |
12 |
|
|
2002 |
4,017 |
3,572 |
445 |
4,016 |
2,820 |
1,196 |
10 |
|
|
2003 |
4,464 |
3,191 |
1,267 |
4,464 |
3,456 |
1,008 |
19 |
|
|
2004 |
3,111 |
2,280 |
820 |
2,291 |
1,515 |
776 |
14 |
|
|
2005 |
3,370 |
3,370 |
0 |
3,370 |
2,156 |
1,214 |
14 |
|
|
2006 |
3,050 |
2,421 |
629 |
3,050 |
2,073 |
977 |
15 |
|
|
2007 |
2,907 |
2,083 |
824 |
2,907 |
2,083 |
824 |
18 |
|
|
2008 |
2,681 |
2,536 |
145 |
2,681 |
1,989 |
692 |
17 |
|
|
2009 |
2,789 |
2,152 |
637 |
2,789 |
2,047 |
742 |
17 |
|
|
2010 |
3,144 |
2,172 |
758 |
3,006 |
2,174 |
832 |
19 |
|
|
2011 |
2,866 |
2,439 |
290 |
2,729 |
1,821 |
908 |
19 |
|
|
2012 |
2,560 |
2,220 |
209 |
2,462 |
1,766 |
696 |
23 |
|
|
2013 |
3,289 |
2,822 |
454 |
2,273 |
1,709 |
564 |
18 |
|
|
2014 |
2,575 |
1,130 |
227 |
2,575 |
2,140 |
435 |
17 |
|
|
2015 |
2,579 |
1,270 |
190 |
2,575 |
2,228 |
347 |
15 |
|
|
2016 |
2,800 |
2,425 |
375 |
|||||
|
2017 |
2,738 |
2,118 |
620 |
|||||
|
2018 |
2,351 |
1,774 |
577 |
24 |
||||
|
2019 |
2,880 |
2,379 |
501 |
|||||
|
2020 |
2,289 |
1,787 |
502 |
|||||
|
2021 |
3,196 |
2,467 |
729 |
|||||
Source:
CMIE States of India extracted on April 2025
The
number of cognizable crimes registered that year was 3,379, which included both
crimes under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Special Local Laws. The state
ranked 12th in terms of the incidence of cognizable crimes, reflecting a
moderate crime rate relative to other states. The trend of complaints and
cognizable crimes remained relatively stable through the early 2000s. In 2002,
there was a slight increase in complaints to 4,017, and cognizable crimes rose
to 4,016, reflecting an increase in crime reporting. However, the crime rate
was still moderate, with the state ranking 10th in terms of incidents of
cognizable crimes. A significant spike in complaints occurred in 2003, with
4,464 complaints received and 4,464 cognizable crimes registered. The crime rate
surged in this year, and Mizoram ranked 19th in the country, showing a
concerning trend of rising crime.
Conclusion
In
conclusion, this report on Mizoram has provided an extensive overview of the
state's geography, history, culture, economy, and governance, among other
important aspects. Mizoram, located in the northeastern region of India, is a
land of scenic beauty, with lush green hills, valleys, and rivers that create
an idyllic backdrop. The state’s unique geographical location makes it one of
the most significant and beautiful parts of the country. The history of Mizoram
is rich and complex, shaped by its indigenous people, including the Mizo
tribes, and their interactions with various outside forces. The evolution of
the state from a remote hill station under British colonial rule to its
present-day status as a peaceful state within the Indian Union demonstrates the
resilience and determination of its people. The Mizo Accord of 1986, which
brought an end to the insurgency, remains a key milestone in the history of
Mizoram. It serves as a testimony to the state’s commitment to peace and
development. Commitment to education ensures that its future generations are
well-equipped to face the challenges of a rapidly changing world. Moreover, the
healthcare system is also showing improvements, though there is still a need
for further expansion and modernization to cater to the growing population.
Governance
in Mizoram has seen significant progress over the years. The state is governed
by a democratic framework with a functioning legislative assembly, and the
people actively participate in the political process. The Mizo National Front
(MNF) and other local political parties have been central in shaping the
state’s policies. The peaceful nature of the state, bolstered by effective
governance and the resolution of past conflicts, has contributed to its
stability. In terms of infrastructure, the state is witnessing gradual but
steady improvements, particularly in road connectivity, healthcare facilities,
and telecommunications. However, there is still room for more development in
sectors like transportation and industrial growth, which will further boost the
state’s economic prospects.
Data Source: CMIE States of India database,
Courtesy: MRIIRS SBSS, Computer Lab (BS-03)
By
Tanisha Hooda
B.A. Economics(H), AY 2023-26
